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Início de projetoInicialmente, quando começamos a projetar uma construção em BIM Building Information Modeling, definimos o níveis de detalhamento e o LOD, nível de desenvolvimento, para cada etapa do primeiro lugar, a especificação do LOD, Level of Development em português, Nível de desenvolvimento, é uma ferramenta de referência criada para melhorar a qualidade de comunicação entre os usuários de BIM, Building Information Models em português, Modelos da Informação da Construção, sobre as características dos elementos nos criou?Essa especificação foi desenvolvida pelo AIA, American Institute of Architects em português, Instituto Americano de Arquitetos, para a Exposição de Dados Digitais BIM esse evento, ela foi atualizada para o Formulário de Protocolo BIM do Projeto G202-2013 do AIA, fornecendo definições e ilustrações de elementos BIM de distintos sistemas de diferentes estágios de seu desenvolvimento e uso no processo de projeto e níveis de desenvolvimento em um projeto BIM, LOD 100 ao LOD que foi criado?O modelo BIM apresenta informações e representações gráficas de um projeto de construção na forma de elementos tridimensionais por exemplo janela, portas, paredes, etc..Dessa forma, o esquema LOD do AIA foi desenvolvido para fornecer, de forma mais sistemática, maior confiança em um elemento modelado. Dessa maneira, com as definições do AIA, a indústria se beneficia de um projeto mais mesmo modo, as discussões dentro do BIMForum levaram a criação de uma força-tarefa multidisciplinar para desenvolver e manter a especificação vale ressaltar que ela não prescreve os níveis de desenvolvimento para cada etapa do projeto, esta determinação é deixada para a equipe que fará o de LODA especificação LOD aborda entre o LOD 100 e o LOD 400, não alcançando o LOD 500, pois este está relacionado com a verificação em campo, as built, e não é uma indicação de progressão para um nível mais alto de geometria ou informação. Veja abaixo as definições fundamentais do LOD LOD 100São elementos do modelo que podem ser representados graficamente ou por símbolos que mostram a existência de um componente, mas não sua forma, tamanho ou localização exemplo LOD 200Agora os elementos já podem ser reconhecidos como os componentes que eles representam, mas deve ser considerado de forma aproximada tamanho, forma, localização e orientação, informações não gráficas podem ser adicionas ao exemplo LOD 200. LOD 300A quantidade, tamanho, forma, localização e orientação do elemento, conforme projetado, podem ser medidos diretamente no modelo sem referir-se a informações não modeladas, como anotações ou chamadas de maneira, a origem do projeto é definida e a elemento está localizado com precisão em relação à origem do projeto, informações não gráficas podem ser adicionas ao exemplo LOD 300. LOD 350 O elemento é representado graficamente dentro do modelo como um sistema, objeto ou conjunto específico em termos de quantidade, tamanho, forma, localização, orientação e interfaces com outros sistemas de construção, informações não gráficas podem ser adicionas ao elemento;Imagem exemplo LOD 350. LOD 400 Um elemento deste LOD é modelado com detalhes e precisão suficientes para a fabricação do representado quantidade, tamanho, forma, localização e orientação do elemento, conforme projetado, podem ser medidos diretamente a partir do modelo, informações não gráficas podem ser adicionas ao elemento;Imagem exemplo LOD 500Se refere a verificação de campo e não é uma indicação de progressão para um nível mais alto de geometria do elemento ou informação não representação é verificada em campo em termos de tamanho, forma, localização, quantidade e suma, é importante definir qual o nível de desenvolvimento que o projeto terá, para que todos da equipe fiquem cientes sobre as características dos elementos nos níveis de desenvolvimento em um projeto BIM, LOD 100 ao LOD 500. Building Information Modeling BIM is a collaborative way for multidisciplinary information storing, sharing, exchanging, and managing throughout the entire building project lifecycle including planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and demolition phase Eastman et al., 2011;From Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2017Building Information ModelingSam Kubba LEED AP, in Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction, Brief history and overviewWhat is BIM? Building information modeling BIM is one of the more promising developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction fields. It is changing the way contractors and engineers do business, but its application is still relatively new and there is much to learn. One way to learn is from observing how other businesses are using BIM and their trials and tribulations along the way. BIM was introduced over a decade ago mainly to distinguish the information-rich architectural 3D modeling from the traditional 2D drawing. It is being acclaimed by its advocates as a lifesaver for complicated projects because of its ability to correct errors early in the design stage and accurately schedule over recent years, the term “building information modeling” or “BIM” has gained widespread popularity, it has failed to gain a consistent definition. According to Patrick Suermann, PE, a National Building Information Model Standard NBIMS testing team leader, “BIM is the virtual representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility from inception onward. As such, it serves as a shared information repository for collaboration throughout a facility's life cycle.” The National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS sees it as “a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility…and a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle, defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition.” But generally speaking, BIM technology allows an accurate virtual model of a building to be constructed digitally. Completed computer-generated models contain accurate and well-defined geometry and pertinent data required to facilitate the construction, fabrication, and procurement activities necessary to realize the final consists mainly of 3D modeling concepts in addition to information database technology and interoperable software in a desktop computer environment that architects, engineers, and contractors can use to design a facility and simulate construction. This technology allows members of the project team to generate a virtual model of the structure and all of its systems in 3D and to be able to share that information with each other. Likewise, the drawings, specifications, and construction details are fundamental to the model, which includes attributes such as building geometry, spatial relationships, quantity characteristics of building components, and geographic information. These allow the project team to quickly identify design and construction issues and resolve them in a virtual environment well before the Construction Phase in the real is therefore primarily a process by which you generate and manage building data during a project's life cycle. It typically uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building-modeling software to manage and increase productivity in building design and construction. The process produces the building information model, which encompasses all relevant data relating to building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building components. Construction technology for the BIM process is continuing to improve with the passing of time as contractors, architects, engineers, and others continue to find new ways to improve the BIM process. One of the many significant advantages of using modern BIM design tools, as Chuck Eastman, director of Digital Building Laboratory, states, is[They now] define objects parametrically. That is, the objects are defined as parameters and relations to other objects, so that if a related object changes, this one will also. Parametric objects automatically re-build themselves according to the rules embedded in them. The rules may be simple, requiring a window to be wholly within a wall, and moving the window with the wall, or complex defining size ranges, and detailing, such as the physical connection between a steel beam and before one can give a precise definition of BIM, one must resolve the ambiguity over whether it is or is not fundamentally different from CAD or CADD. In the author's opinion, BIM is not CAD, nor is it intended to be. CAD is a replacement for pen and paper, a documentation tool, and CAD files are basic data consisting of elements that are lines, arcs, and circles—and sometimes surfaces and solids—that are purely graphical representations of building components. Moreover, early definitions asserting that BIM is basically a 3D model of a facility are incorrect and do not reflect the truth, nor do they adequately communicate the capabilities and potential of digital, object-based, interoperable building information modeling processes and tools and modern communications programs today are design applications in which the documentation flows from and is a derivative of the process, from schematic design to construction to facility management. Furthermore, with BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building can be constructed digitally, and when completed, the computer-generated model will contain all the relevant data and accurate geometry needed to support the construction, fabrication, and procurement activities required to execute the project. Ken Stowe, of AEC Division at Autodesk, reaffirms this and commentsThe construction industry is in the early stages of an historic transformation from a 2D environment to a model-based environment. The benefits are many and are enjoyed by various members of the project team. Some firms are leading in planning and directing the whole team in BIM participation, implementing best practices, and making a point of measuring those benefits. The savings can be in the millions of dollars. The project durations are being reduced by weeks or is sometimes difficult to determine who first coined the term “BIM.” Some claim Charles M. Eastman at Georgia Tech coined the term, the theory being based on a view that the term is basically the same as “building product model,” which Eastman has used extensively in his publications since the late 1970s. Others believe it was first coined by architect and Autodesk building industry strategist Phil Bernstein, FAIA, who reportedly used the actual term “building information modeling,” which was later accepted by Bentley Systems and others. See Figure It is claimed that Graphisoft produced the original BIM—in the original terminology “virtual building”—software, known as ArchiCAD. But many firms and organizations made contributions to BIM's continuing Relationship of BIM to the various stakeholders and project team members. BIM technology continues to manifest itself as the most feasible and reliable option in the building construction industry. It can minimize errors and omissions made by the project team by allowing the use of conflict detection technology, where the computer informs team members whenever parts of the building are in conflict.Source ADVENSER Engineering Services Private Ltd.For example, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill SOM is one such pioneering firm that made significant contributions to the development and use of BIM. Early on, SOM created a multipurpose, database-driven, modeling system known as AES, or architecture engineering system, and single-handedly pioneered its development. AES is regarded by some as the precursor to today's BIM tools. As noted at the future, SOM envisions BIM as a vehicle for real-time performative design simulation and environmental analysis, enabled through new visual and tactile feedback systems. This will allow architects to focus on building performance that can truly be validated—obtaining and interpreting data as one simultaneously designs—and will encompass new modes of collaboration. SOM envisions the architect/engineer in a pivotal role in this new virtual design and construction collaborative environment as the conceiver of ideas and the manager of Deke Smith, FAIA, executive director of the buildingSMART alliance™ who has been involved with the development of building information modeling since its inception, says “One of the basic principles and metrics for BIM implementation is the ability to enter data one time and then use it many times throughout the life of the project.” Smith identifies the following 10 principles of BIM and plan with all parties before you all parties have a life-cycle view—involve them early and the model then build to the data can be summarized the reverse is not possible. data one time, then improve and refine over data sustainment into business processes—keep data information assurance and metadata to build trust—know data sources and for data—good contracts make good that data are externally accessible yet international standards and cloud storage to ensure long-term believes the followingWe are still all too often slaves to the stovepipes that have been our industry's tradition, where information is collected for a specific instance and then not reused by others. There are currently many reasons for this perceived intellectual property concerns, perceived liability issues, organizations pushing their own agenda, proprietary approaches, and simply not knowing that someone already entered the information because of poor ability to group taking this challenge head-on is buildingSMART International. buildingSMART International is a coalition of more than 50 countries worldwide who are focused on implementing an open-standard, BIM approach to interoperability of information for building construction and facility maintenance. The North American chapter of this group is the buildingSMART alliance. While it is our belief that the final goal will be an international, standards-based, information exchange, the primary goal of interoperability remains at the foundation of this effort, using whatever format is universally easiest to use at the we have several organizations with initiatives under way to develop a national BIM standard. In 2007, the first version of this standard NBIMS Version 1 was passed, but it has failed to take hold in the architecture, engineering, and construction AEC community mostly because of its reliance on the IFC Industry Foundation Class file format for 3D modeling. After several years, the National Institute of Building Sciences’ buildingSMART alliance developed version 2 of the National BIM Standard–United States, which is a significant improvement on version 1. The United Kingdom has also come out with its own AEC UK BIM federal agencies have implemented BIM initiatives, from the GSA and the Army Corps of Engineers to the Coast Guard and Sandia National Laboratories. Finith Jernigan, FAIA, president of Design Atlantic, says, “To prosper in today's fast changing and unpredictable markets, you need new ways of doing business more effectively.” And although BIM is not a technology, it does require appropriate technology to be effectively full chapterURL Ing Albert Lester CEng, FICE, FIMechE, FIStructE, FAPM, in Project Management, Planning and Control Sixth Edition, 2014What Is BIM?So what is BIM? It could simply be defined as rapidly evolving collaboration tools that facilitate integrated design and construction management. The importance of I’ in BIM should never be underestimated, as this becomes a project or support for the company’s enterprise framework and not just a means for building models’. This information means that more work is done earlier in the project to support green issue concepts, as less waste saves both materials and enables multidimensional models including space constraints, time, costs, materials, design and manufacturing information, finishes, etc., to be created and even allows the support for information-based real-time collaboration. This information can be used to drive other recent technologies including city-sized models, augmented reality equipment used on site, radio-frequency identification RFID tags to track components from manufacture to site, and even the use of 3D may be useful to consider the players who would want to have access to the BIM models. Not limiting the list they could include the clients, local authorities, architects, engineers structural, civil, and MEP, main contractors, steelwork and concrete subcontractors, formwork contractors, and all site personnel. Until recent years BIM was only available as a solution for architects, engineers, and steelwork contractors, leaving everyone else just to work with 2D drawings that may be industry-specific but not totally readable without knowledge of that references have been made to the architects’ BIM model or the structural BIM. However, they really are the same, as the boundaries between their models and their content are lessening all of the time. Architects’ BIM models will include structural member sizes, but the models that they produce do not normally need to include the material grades, reactions, and finishes. Where the model is produced by the steelwork contractor, it will include at least the manufacturing details and all the information necessary to order, fabricate, deliver, and erect the members. The MEP contractor could also define the site fixings on his versions of the model, as the contractor will want to know when the member will be on site, where it will be fixed or poured, and how much the item costs. The client’s view of the same member would be for control and for possible site maintenance. For this reason various models are created in the best-of-breed’ authoring applications and shared with other design-team members as reference models, which are normally in the form of Industry Foundation Class IFC files for all structures except the plant and offshore markets, where CIMsteel Integration Standards cis/2 and dgn format files are the dominant interoperability is so much easier to work with a BIM model and to explore the building in 3D with rich information, than looking at hundreds of drawings and having to understand the industry drawing conversions. Now users can simply click on an object and obtain all the information that they require either through the native object, if in the authoring application, or through the reference model or even from a viewer or collaboration full chapterURL information modelingMarco Casini, in Construction 2022AbstractThe chapter focuses on the role of building information modeling BIM in the digital transformation of the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation AECO sector describing methods, tools, and processes for its full integration in the industry. Technological basics of BIM and computational methods for the geometric and semantic modeling of buildings are discussed. Level of development of the building information model and BIM multidimensional applications are investigated. Main BIM software tools are described and the main applications of BIM along the value chain are presented along with the interaction with the other digital disruptive technologies. BIM processes, workflow, skills, and collaborative practices are summarized. Finally, the maturity levels of BIM up to BIM level 3 are discussed focusing on the issues of standardization and full chapterURL Built Environment & Sustainable ManufacturingLlewellyn Tang, ... Polina Trofimova, in Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2017Interoperability between BIM-based design and energy simulation toolsBIM software that enables 3D modeling and information management is a significant part of BIM. The commonly used sustainability analysis software involves Autodesk Green Building Studio, Energy 10, HEED, Design Builder, Autodesk Ecotect, eQUEST, Integrated Environmental Solutions, Virtual Environment IES-VE, and EnergyPlus. However, there is a challenge in the exchange of data between building design tools and sustainability analysis tools. In other words, the sustainability analysis tools lack the compatibility with BIM-based design between BIM-based design and energy simulation tools is being researched in recent years. For instance, Jeong et al. 2015 developed an automated framework utilizing BIM application programming interface and Modelica-based BEM which could simulate and visualize energy analysis results back inside the BIM software Revit to obtain a direct feedback. Welle et al. 2011 and Ahn et al. 2014 proposed IFC-based tools for automated thermal simulation with EnergyPlus through input data files containing geometry, thermal space boundaries, and material information from the BIM model, aiming to improve the accuracy and modeling time of the BEM models. Whereas Cemesova et al. 2015 created an IFC-based tool to combine BIM and Passive House Planning Package design tool for energy performance and decision making for PassivHaus a word, the application of BIM in building sustainability analysis may optimize the building performance. Besides, it may improve the efficiency of rating process using the results generated by the BIM tools directly. Meanwhile, studies on the interoperability between BIM-based design and energy simulation tools may assist in further BIM application for optimizing the building full chapterURL Information Modeling BIMSam Kubba LEED AP, in Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction Second Edition, AIA Document E202Because BIM is a relatively new technology, there were some legal challenges and other issues that necessitated clarification. To help clear up these legal issues with BIM, the AIA recently released document E202, which lays out standard procedures and responsibilities for BIM models, but most importantly, it serves as a standard contract for projects using BIM. This document also establishes certain rules and regulations such as who owns the model, how it is used, and the party responsible for each model element. Because of the unique nature of each project, Document E202 cannot give a blanket declaration of each; rather it lays out a legally binding frame work of rules and then allows for adaption to each unique project AIA, 2008, p. 1.AIA Document E202 has been a huge boon to BIM-based contracts. People all across the building industries recognize AIA and have embraced their efforts in simplifying the complex legal environment around BIM. Because BIM is in many respects still new, many of those dealing in construction law simply do not know how to work with BIM. Document E202 created a standard BIM-based contract that addresses many of the legal issues and challenges faced when using full chapterURL and Analysis of Complex StructuresFeng Fu, in Design and Analysis of Tall and Complex Structures, Building Information ModelingBritish Standards Institute gives an accurate definition of BIM, the definition is “the process of generating and managing information about a building during its entire life. BIM is a suite of technologies and processes that integrate to form the system’ at the heart of which is a component-based 3D representation of each building element; this supersedes traditional design tools currently in use.”In other words, BIM is a 3D digital modeling method for modeling, controlling a building project. Each design team member creates and maintains its own BIM model as part of a “central model.” The BIM models should also have the capacity of clash detection in a central model by different construction strategy [15] has started to promote the adoption of BIM since 2011. Therefore, BIM will dominant the construction industry development in the next several decades, changing the way of the interaction between different disciplines of the construction industry. In this section, the BIM will be discussed in IntroductionBIM allows users to build a model using software such as Revit. The model contains all the project information, including drawings and specifications. All different stakeholders have access to the central model made in Revit, enabling project participants from all disciplines such as architects, facility managers, M & E Engineers, and structural engineers to coordinate their work. BIM integrates designs from initial design to construction and until the project finishes. Using a program such as Revit, updates of drawing can be done automatically to reflect each discipline's input, enabling integrated management of information of building use of the BIM increases the productivity of the design activities, consequently resulting in efficient building designs which, in turn, saves the material cost. It can also result in shorter construction times and a safer construction process. As systems are increasingly digitized, BIM is seen as fundamental to the development of future smarter Standard Methods and Procedures’ ProtocolsWhen using BIM, a standard protocol is important for the whole BIM process. The protocol should consist of document naming, data file naming, and CAD layer naming, origin, scale, orientation of structure model, etc. Standard procedures should also be defined between different disciplines. All of these are required by effective data sharing through a common data should make sure to•unify layer naming and file naming•collect, manage, and disseminate data effectively in the required formats•ensures compliance to agreed standards•able to aid design managers in the timely delivery of the construction schedule•for members of the supply chain not using BIM such as small contractors to find a way to integrate them into the process•set up the approval process and the design and sign-off processes to improve the project management and documentation Design Liability and Legal Issue of BIMWhen BIM becomes widely used, some legal issues emerged such as•obligations to create/contribute to BIM models in agreed forms and deadlines•liability for each team member•how to insure the work on BIM models by an insurance company•ownership of BIM models and data and licensing for agreed purposes•legal status of BIM approach to collaborative workingThe construction industry council issued the first edition of “Building Information Modeling BIM protocol” [16] in 2013. The protocol covers below the main issues contract, intellectual property, electronic data exchange, change management, liability for the use of primary objective of the protocol is to enable the production of BIMs at defined stages of a project. It requires the employer to appoint a party to undertake an information management role such as an “information manager.” Another objective is to support the adoption of effective collaborative working practices in project teams, making an explicit contractual requirement under the is worth noting that it is required that all project team members are required to have a BIM protocol appended to their contracts. This will ensure that all parties producing and delivering models adopt any common standards or ways of working described in the protocol and that all parties using the models have a clear right to do full chapterURL Construction, and RenovationsJames Sinopoli, in Smart Building Systems for Architects, Owners and Builders, 2010Building Information ModelBuilding information modeling BIM is the future of building design and construction. BIM is a 3-D, object-oriented, CAD approach for architects and engineers. While the number of architects and building designers using BIM is modest the number will continue to increase. One of the most valuable functions of BIM is its ability to improve the coordination between multiple design disciplines, thus reducing errors. BIM has the potential to respond to an owner's need for predictable costs, quality, and on-time delivery. See Figure Typical building information American Institute of Architects have called BIM a “model-based technology linked with a database of project information.” It can store complete information about a building in a digital format including things like the quantities and properties of building components. It covers geospatial information and relationships regarding a building, and facilitates the digital exchange and interoperability of the uses the Industry Foundation Classes IFC for exchanging information about a building project among different CAD packages. XML, an Internet language, which allows raw data to be reliably shared over the Web, will also be used in BIM implementations. BIM has the potential to be the vehicle or depository for use by the design team, the contractors, and owner, with each party having the capability to add their own data and information to the model. The National BIM Standard NBIMS is being developed and major vendors have endorsed and supported the has major benefits. One is the capability for BIM tools to detect “collisions,” that is, design features that are incompatible and in conflict. For instance, assume that a water pipe designed by the mechanical engineer would be installed in a way that it goes through a steel beam designed by the structural engineer. BIM allows the design and construction teams to identify such collisions electronically rather than discover the collision at the construction site. The result is time savings and reduced construction change orders and related more important is BIM's capability to provide the location, quantities, and properties of building components in product objects. Included in this information can be all details of components, such as manufacturer, model, warranty, preventive maintenance, and so on. This information is valuable in the operation and maintenance of the is becoming more widely accepted for use in facility management. Starting in 2007, the General Services Administration USGSA, under its National 3D-4D-BIM Program, requires spatial program information from BIMs for major projects receiving design funding. Four-dimensional 4D models, which combine a 3D model with time, support the understanding of project American Institute of Architects AIA is modifying its contract documents to easily allow BIM, which is considered intellectual property, to make transfers from the architect to the facility manager, thus providing the facility manager with better data to manage a buildingSMART alliance, part of the National Institute of Building Sciences, provides useful tools to developers and users of BIM software and promotes the use of BIM. There are many important organizations that are a part of the buildingSMART alliance including the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE.The use of BIM may soon replace the Computer-Aided Facility Management CAFM process for facility managers. Typically the facility manager scans paper floor plans or imports electronic CAD files for use within the CAFM application. The electronic floor plans are then used to create “polylines” to define an area and identify room numbers to name that a typical commercial building, this process can take weeks. Instead, BIM files can be moved from the BIM creation software to facility management BIM software. The user can import the BIM file into software, which would include the room boundaries, room areas, room numbers, and space descriptions from the BIM. It would then perform the same functions as the typical CAFM software would but without all the lost time from the creation of “polylines.”In the not too distant future design and construction projects will require an information manager. This person or team will set the requirements for data management for the owner's project team, the design team, and construction contractors; manage the “supply chain” of data from design to construction to operations; and manage the integration of the data from the building and building systems into the owner's facility management and business systems. The drivers are economics, technology, increased functionality, and the overall value full chapterURL Building DesignMd. Faruque Hossain, in Sustainable Design and Build, Nonproprietary or Open BIM StandardsBIM is frequently linked with Industry Foundation Classes IFCs and aecXML—data structures for signifying data. For the easy sharing of BIM information among various software applications some private data structures are created developed by sellers of CAD integrating BIM with their software, buildingSMART the earlier International Alliance for Interoperability has created an unbiased, nonprivate, or open IFCs. Poor software exchange has been considered as a barrier to an effective industry in general and particularly to adopting BIM. A report by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in August 2004, conventionally projected an annual loss of $ billion by the US investment agency industry because of absence of exchange resulting from “the extremely uneven characteristics of the industry, the industry's prolonged printed business exercises, absence of regulation, and unpredictable technology approval among participants.” The American Institute of Steel Construction has accepted CIS/2 standard, a nonprivate standard with its base in the UK, which can be considered as a primary instance of a nationally accepted BIM full chapterURL for Layout, Conception, and DevelopmentSeán Moran, in Process Plant Layout Second Edition, AbbreviationsBIMMBuilding Information Modeling and Management; systems which generate 3D virtual views of buildings. These are becoming a standard feature of architectural design practice. “The effective collection and reuse of project data in order to reduce errors and increase focus on design and value.”—AEC United Kingdom BIM StandardLFLLower Flammability Limit; as defined in ASTM E681-092015 Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals Vapors and GasesMCCMotor Control Center; a cabinet containing motor starters, instrumentation, power incomer, and possibly a Programmable Logic Controller PLC which controls motors on a plantUFLUpper Flammable LimitRead full chapterURL of Building Information Modeling for COVID-19 spread assessment due to the organization of building Rahla Rabia, ... Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, in Data Science for COVID-19, Sharing the informationAs BIM is an easily sharable digitized platform, results from add-in tools can be easily exported to GIS and provincial-level disease spread assessments can be prepared. By exporting options available with applications, BIM models can be transformed into other file formats, suitable for third-party applications [36]. BIM data can be extracted and shared using add-in tools or exported to database file formats such as Open Database Connectivity or linked as it is to other compatible software platforms. As shown in Fig. Revit-based BIM files can be read by third-party applications or exported to different file formats or interlinked by a shared Data sharing options for Revit-based Building Information Modeling BIM. CAD, computer-aided design; ODBC, Open Database full chapterURL O que é LOD? Level of Development/Detail Uma das maiores diferenças entre as plataformas CAD e a BIM é exatamente a possibilidade de detalhamento dos objetos paramétricos devido a possibilidade de informações atrelados entre o 2D e o 3D, porém esse nível de detalhamento requer outro dimensionamento de hardware e infraestrutura local. Portanto, o projetista necessita estabelecer um limite de detalhamento que atenda suas demandas de controle, execução e operação, neste artigo iremos mostrar de forma detalhada sobre o que é LODComo no Brasil o BIM é a atualidade dentro do mercado da AEC, iremos aprofundar um pouco esse assunto mais adiante, a sigla em inglês LOD Level of Development/Detail em português ND Nível de Desenvolvimento é uma variável que quantifica o nível em que os elementos do projeto serão desenvolvidos. Portanto, é uma variável que precisa ser definida já no início do projeto, junto com o cliente Atendendo as necessidades especificas e não generalistas, entendendo quais são as demandas e como que o detalhamento deverá ser conduzido para a execução da obra do projeto em específico. O que é LOD? Nível de Desenvolvimento ND Nível de Desenvolvimento LOD / Fonte Caderno BIM Santa Catarina O Nível de desenvolvimento LOD ou ND é um conceito com diferentes definições. O principal é que o nível de desenvolvimento que define o conteúdo e confiabilidade dos elementos BIM durante as fases do projeto. Compreende-se o conteúdo com todas informações geométricas, dados estruturados e a documentação vinculada ao processo do desenvolvimento do projeto de forma integrada. As especificações do ND LOD acontecem em diferentes fases do ciclo de vida BIM e as atendem as necessidades especificas em todas as etapas. O que significa LOD? Provavelmente, a maneira mais comum em que a indústria tem usado o termo Nível de Desenvolvimento é definido como “LOD+ Números”, como LOD 100, LOD 200 ou LOD 300. O sistema foi concebido de maneira genérica e foi padronizado pelo Amerian Institute of Architects AIA como ND – Nível de Desenvolvimento, atribuindo assim a importância de que não são apenas questões geométricas, mas a associação das características que envolvem um componente BIM. O BIM Fórum atualmente BuildingSmart tomou a padronização do AIA como base e desenvolveu uma classificação ainda mais profunda, e que foi incorporada à padronização BIM Norte Americana. Desta maneira, é importante, nos contratos, definir qual o tipo de detalhamento que são desenvolvidos durante o ciclo de vida do empreendimento. A base conceitual para o sistema LOD XXX são os “números” que descrevem diferentes “níveis de desenvolvimento” assumindo que os elementos do modelo passam por esses níveis e, portanto, aumentam os números à medida que a geometria e os dados se tornam mais específicos, atrelados a fase do empreendimento + necessidade pontual da informação especifica. No Brasil desenvolveu-se a especificação ND como referência nacional do estado de Santa Catarina SC-Caderno BIM, que tem como referência o BIM Fórum que seguiu o AIA, sendo assim o único que vincula o LOD às etapas do projeto EV – Estudo de Viabilidade, EP- Estudo Preliminar, AP – Anteprojeto, PL – Projeto Legal, PB – Projeto Básico, PE – Executivo, As Built. Outras interferências são o manual BIM, o caderno ASBEA Associação Brasileira dos Escritórios de Arquitetura e os manuais do CBIC Câmara Brasileira da Indústria da Construção. Fonte LOD e LOI BIM Barcelona Fonte LOD – Gallery of Chetam’s School of Music Archdaily QUAIS SÃO OS NÍVEIS DE LOD OU ND? A estrutura do SC-Caderno BIM consiste em Níveis de desenvolvimento ND, conhecidos como LOD. Podem variar do ND-0 ao ND-400, que corresponde ao projeto concluído e detalhado para a geração da documentação à construção, e por último o ND-500, que corresponde ao como construído As Built. ND-0LOD – Concepção do Produto. Neste momento é estabelecido o programa de necessidades e verifica-se a viabilidade do negócio. Nesta fase é feito apenas um croqui desenvolvido a fim de contribuir com a análise de viabilidade. NDLOD-100 – Definição do produto – Estudo Preliminar EP. Inclui elementos do projeto, como estudos de massa 3D, que podem ser representados graficamente como um símbolo ou representação genérica. NDLOD-200 – Definição do produto – Anteprojeto AP. Etapa ao qual os elementos conceituais são transformados em elementos genéricos onde está presente suas dimensões básicas nos eixos X, Y e Z. NDLOD-300 – Definição do produto – Projeto Legal PL. Nesta etapa o projeto apresenta dimensões, formas, quantidade e localização. Atendendo a legislação e o código de obras. NDLOD-350 – solução entre interfaces – Projeto Básico PB. Os elementos são desenvolvidos e aprimorados, tendo como objetivo a construção e a especificação das interfaces entre as especialidades. Nesta etapa todos os ambientes, articulações e demais componentes são claramente consolidados. Sendo estabelecido as definições para que haja o intercâmbio de informações no projeto entre todos envolvidos. Posteriormente há uma negociação de soluções das interferências compatibilização entre projetistas, sendo o projeto resultante ter todas as suas interfaces resolvidas. Permite a avaliação de custos, métodos construtivos e prazo de execução. NDLOD-400 – Projeto Executivo PE. Nesta etapa os elementos são detalhados com objetivo de gerar um conjunto de informações afim de gerar uma perfeita caracterização para obras/serviços a serem executados, assim como avaliação dos custos, dos métodos construtivos e o tempo de execução. A todos elementos da construção são incorporados os detalhes necessários para construção. O resultado é um conjunto de informações técnicas claras e objetivas sobre todos os elementos, sistemas e componentes. NDLOD-500 – Pós-obra – Obra concluída. Neste momento encerras a fase de projeto, gestão de obra e encerramento da gestão de fase de projeto. Conseguinte tendo a geração do projeto “As Built” e manuais. Relação da Etapa de Projeto Fonte SpBIM Autor CONCLUSÃO Nos da SpBim compreendemos e incentivamos a utilização do conceito LOD ND no BIM, uma vez que a mesma busca otimizar todo o processo e integra de forma concreta todas as etapas afins do desenvolvimento de informações claras e objetivas para desenvolvimento de maneira a atender as necessidades do cliente tornando adaptável a cada empreendimento e contemplando em todas as fases no projeto. Relacionado Jessica Simpson – bạn gái cũ của VĐV bóng bầu dục Tony Romo Xuất hiện trong chương trình “Good morning America ” của đài ABC News, Jessica Simpson đã táo bạo diện váy ngắn mà không mặc quần chip. Kết quả là khi mới gặp một cơn gió nhẹ, Jessica đã bị… “lộ hàng”. Jessica Simpson ngượng chín mặt vì "lộ hàng" ngoài ý muốn Victoria Silvstedt – người đẹp mê HLV Eriksson Victoria Silvstedt vốn nổi tiếng với sở thích không mặc quần chip. Vì thế chuyện cô nàng lộ chỗ hiểm cũng xảy ra nhiều như cơm bữa. Victoria Silvstedt chủ động để "lộ hàng"? Paris Hilton – tình một đêm của Cris Ronaldo Cô gái tỷ phú tóc vàng hoe người Mỹ luôn thích chứng tỏ độ sành điệu của mình bằng cách không mặc quần chip. Paris Hilton mặc ai thích soi thì soi Nina Moric – người tình của tay cò môi giới VĐV Davide Lippi con trai HLV Marcello Lippi Ăn chơi chẳng kém ai, siêu mẫu Nina Moric cũng nhiều lần không mặc quần lót ra đường. Và hậu quả là mỗi khi cô nàng thực hiện các “động tác khó”, vùng kín lại lồ lộ trước ống kính các tay săn ảnh. Pha "lộ hàng" khó đỡ của Nina Moric Belen Rodriguez – tình cũ Marco Borriello Tự tin với ngoại hình bốc lửa, siêu mẫu Belen Rodriguez từng diện một chiếc váy xẻ rất cao khi làm MC tại festival âm nhạc lần thứ 62 ở thành phố Sanemo. Điều đáng nói là dù mặc váy xẻ cao, Belen lại không diện quần lót. Vì thế, NHM có thể loáng thoáng nhận thấy “chỗ hiểm” của người đẹp mỗi khi Belen bước đi. Belen Rodriguez quá bạo dạn trong các pha "khoe hàng" Tessmacher – hoa hậu đấu vật Rất may cho Tessmacher là đã không có tay săn ảnh nào chộp được cảnh cô “lộ hàng” vì không mặc quần lót. Số là khi tham gia chương trình truyền hình trực tiếp đám cưới của cô bạn thân Brooke Hogan, Tessmacher đã diện một chiếc đầm rất đẹp và quyết định không mặc quần lót. Nhưng khi cô nàng di chuyển, Tessmacher đã để lộ “chỗ hiểm” trong tầm mắt của các khán giả ngồi hàng ghế đầu. Tessmacher may mắn vì không bị chụp lại cảnh "lộ hàng" Chính Tessmacher đã đích thân tiết lộ sự cố này và ngượng chín mặt. Không chỉ các mỹ nhân của làng thể thao mới thường từ bỏ quần chip và lộ hàng. Trong 2 đoạn clip dưới đây, các VĐV đấu vật cũng không mặc quần lót và để lộ phần nhạy cảm rất “khó đỡ”. Trong đoạn cuối của clip một VĐV đã bị lộ hàng khi nhìn từ phía sau Autres pages consultées Autres personnes nommées Anthony Hindi 1 autre personne nommée Anthony Hindi est sur LinkedIn Autres personnes nommées Anthony Hindi Ajoutez de nouvelles compétences en suivant ces cours Badge de profil public de Anthony Inclure ce profil LinkedIn sur d’autres sites web Anthony Hindi BIM Manager at VINCI Construction France BIM Instructor chez Ecole spéciale des Travaux publics, du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie Ecole spéciale des Travaux publics, du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie Voir les badges de profil

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